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詳解ARM Linux 2.4.x進(jìn)程調(diào)度

出處:互聯(lián)網(wǎng)    發(fā)布于:2011-09-04 12:44:24

  Linux2.4.x是一個(gè)基于非搶占式的多任務(wù)的分時(shí)操作系統(tǒng),雖然在用戶進(jìn)程的調(diào)度上采用搶占式策略,但是而在內(nèi)核還是采用了輪轉(zhuǎn)的方法,如果有個(gè)內(nèi)核態(tài)的線程惡性占有CPU不釋放,那系統(tǒng)無法從中解脫出來,所以實(shí)時(shí)性并不是很強(qiáng)。這種情況有望在Linux 2.6版本中得到改善,在2.6版本中采用了搶占式的調(diào)度策略。

  內(nèi)核中根據(jù)任務(wù)的實(shí)時(shí)程度提供了三種調(diào)度策略:

 ?、?SCHED_OTHER為非實(shí)時(shí)任務(wù),采用常規(guī)的分時(shí)調(diào)度策略;

 ?、?SCHED_FIFO為短小的實(shí)時(shí)任務(wù),采用先進(jìn)先出式調(diào)度,除非有更高優(yōu)先級(jí)進(jìn)程申請(qǐng)運(yùn)行,否則該進(jìn)程將保持運(yùn)行至退出才讓出CPU;

 ?、?SCHED_RR任務(wù)較長的實(shí)時(shí)任務(wù),由于任務(wù)較長,不能采用FIFO的策略,而是采用輪轉(zhuǎn)式調(diào)度,該進(jìn)程被調(diào)度下來后將被置于運(yùn)行隊(duì)列的末尾,以保證其他實(shí)時(shí)進(jìn)程有機(jī)會(huì)運(yùn)行。

  在上述三種調(diào)度策略的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)程依照優(yōu)先級(jí)的高低被分別調(diào)系統(tǒng)。優(yōu)先級(jí)是一些簡單的整數(shù),它代表了為決定應(yīng)該允許哪一個(gè)進(jìn)程使用CPU的資源時(shí)判斷方便而賦予進(jìn)程的權(quán)值——優(yōu)先級(jí)越高,它得到CPU時(shí)間的機(jī)會(huì)也就越大。

  在Linux中,非實(shí)時(shí)進(jìn)程有兩種優(yōu)先級(jí),一種是靜態(tài)優(yōu)先級(jí),另一種是動(dòng)態(tài)優(yōu)先級(jí)。實(shí)時(shí)進(jìn)程又增加了第三種優(yōu)先級(jí),實(shí)時(shí)優(yōu)先級(jí)。

 ?、?靜態(tài)優(yōu)先級(jí)(priority)——被稱為“靜態(tài)”是因?yàn)樗浑S時(shí)間而改變,只能由用戶進(jìn)行修改。它指明了在被迫和其它進(jìn)程競爭CPU之前該進(jìn)程所應(yīng)該被允許的時(shí)間片的值(20)。

 ?、?動(dòng)態(tài)優(yōu)先級(jí)(counter)——counter 即系統(tǒng)為每個(gè)進(jìn)程運(yùn)行而分配的時(shí)間片,Linux兼用它來表示進(jìn)程的動(dòng)態(tài)優(yōu)先級(jí)。只要進(jìn)程擁有CPU,它就隨著時(shí)間不斷減??;當(dāng)它為0時(shí),標(biāo)記進(jìn)程重新調(diào)度。它指明了在當(dāng)前時(shí)間片中所剩余的時(shí)間量(初為20)。

  ③ 實(shí)時(shí)優(yōu)先級(jí)(rt_priority)——值為1000。Linux把實(shí)時(shí)優(yōu)先級(jí)與counter值相加作為實(shí)時(shí)進(jìn)程的優(yōu)先權(quán)值。較高權(quán)值的進(jìn)程總是優(yōu)先于較低權(quán)值的進(jìn)程,如果一個(gè)進(jìn)程不是實(shí)時(shí)進(jìn)程,其優(yōu)先權(quán)就遠(yuǎn)小于1000,所以實(shí)時(shí)進(jìn)程總是優(yōu)先。

  在每個(gè)tick到來的時(shí)候(也就是時(shí)鐘中斷發(fā)生),系統(tǒng)減小當(dāng)前占有CPU的進(jìn)程的counter,如果counter減小到0,則將need_resched置1,中斷返回過程中進(jìn)行調(diào)度。update_process_times()為時(shí)鐘中斷處理程序調(diào)用的一個(gè)子函數(shù):

  void update_process_times(int user_tick)
  {
  struct task_struct *p = current;
  int cpu = smp_processor_id(), system = user_tick ^ 1;
  update_ONe_process(p, user_tick, system, cpu);
  if (p->pid) {
  if (--p->counter <= 0) {
  p->counter = 0;
  p->need_resched = 1;
  }
  if (p->nice > 0)
  kstat.per_cpu_nice[cpu] = user_tick;
  else
  kstat.per_cpu_user[cpu] = user_tick;
  kstat.per_cpu_system[cpu] = system;
  } else if (local_bh_count(cpu) || local_irq_count(cpu) > 1)
  kstat.per_cpu_system[cpu] = system;
  }


  Linux中進(jìn)程的調(diào)度使在schedule()函數(shù)中實(shí)現(xiàn)的,該函數(shù)在下面的ARM匯編片斷中被調(diào)用到:


  /*
  * This is the fast syscall return path. We do as little as
  * possible here, and this includes saving r0 back into the SVC
  * stack.
  */
  ret_fast_syscall:
  ldr r1, [tsk, #TSK_NEED_RESCHED]
  ldr r2, [tsk, #TSK_SIGPENDING]
  teq r1, #0  need_resched || sigpending
  teqeq r2, #0
  bne slow
  fast_restore_user_regs
  /*
  * Ok, we need to do extra processing, enter the slow path.
  */
  slow: str r0, [sp, #S_R0 S_OFF]!  returned r0
  b 1f
  /*
  * "slow" syscall return path. "why" tells us if this was a real syscall.
  */
  reschedule:
  bl SYMBOL_NAME(schedule)
  ENTRY(ret_to_user)
  ret_slow_syscall:
  ldr r1, [tsk, #TSK_NEED_RESCHED]
  ldr r2, [tsk, #TSK_SIGPENDING]
  1: teq r1, #0  need_resched => schedule()
  bne reschedule   teq r2, #0  sigpending => do_signal()
  blne __do_signal
  restore_user_regs

  而這段代碼在中斷返回或者系統(tǒng)調(diào)用返回中反復(fù)被調(diào)用到:

   進(jìn)程狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí): 如進(jìn)程終止,睡眠等,當(dāng)進(jìn)程要調(diào)用sleep()或exit()等函數(shù)使進(jìn)程狀態(tài)發(fā)生改變時(shí),這些函數(shù)會(huì)主動(dòng)調(diào)用schedule()轉(zhuǎn)入進(jìn)程調(diào)度。

   可運(yùn)行隊(duì)列中增加新的進(jìn)程時(shí)。


  ENTRY(ret_from_fork)
  bl SYMBOL_NAME(schedule_tail)
  get_current_task tsk
  ldr ip, [tsk, #TSK_PTRACE]  check for syscall tracing
  mov why, #1
  tst ip, #PT_TRACESYS  are we tracing syscalls?
  beq ret_slow_syscall
  mov r1, sp
  mov r0, #1  trace exit [IP = 1]
  bl SYMBOL_NAME(syscall_trace)
  b ret_slow_syscall

 ?、?在時(shí)鐘中斷到來后:Linux初始化時(shí),設(shè)定系統(tǒng)定時(shí)器的周期為10毫秒。當(dāng)時(shí)鐘中斷發(fā)生時(shí),時(shí)鐘中斷服務(wù)程序timer_interrupt立即調(diào)用時(shí)鐘處理函數(shù)do_timer( ),在do_timer()會(huì)將當(dāng)前進(jìn)程的counter減1,如果counter為0則置need_resched標(biāo)志,在從時(shí)鐘中斷返回的過程中會(huì)調(diào)用schedule.


 ?、苓M(jìn)程從系統(tǒng)調(diào)用返回到用戶態(tài)時(shí);判斷need_resched標(biāo)志是否置位,若是則轉(zhuǎn)入執(zhí)行schedule()。系統(tǒng)調(diào)用實(shí)際上就是通過軟中斷實(shí)現(xiàn)的,下面是ARM平臺(tái)下軟中斷處理代碼:


  .align 5
  ENTRY(vector_swi)
  save_user_regs
  zero_fp
  get_scno
  enable_irqs ip
  str r4, [sp, #-S_OFF]!  push fifth arg
  get_current_task tsk
  ldr ip, [tsk, #TSK_PTRACE]  check for syscall tracing
  bic scno, scno, #0xff000000  mask off SWI op-code
  eor scno, scno, #OS_NUMBER 《 20  check OS number
  adr tbl, sys_call_table  load syscall table pointer
  tst ip, #PT_TRACESYS  are we tracing syscalls?
  bne __sys_trace
  adrsvc al, lr, ret_fast_syscall 

    裝載返回地址,用于在跳轉(zhuǎn)調(diào)用后返回到上面的代碼片斷中的

    ret_fast_syscall
  cmp scno, #NR_syscalls  check upper syscall limit
  ldrcc pc, [tbl, scno, lsl #2]  call sys_* routine
  add r1, sp, #S_OFF
  2: mov why, #0  no longer a real syscall
  cmp scno, #ARMSWI_OFFSET
  eor r0, scno, #OS_NUMBER 《 20  put OS number back
  bcs SYMBOL_NAME(arm_syscall)
  b SYMBOL_NAME(sys_ni_syscall)  not private func


  ⑤ 內(nèi)核處理完中斷后,進(jìn)程返回到用戶態(tài)。


 ?、?進(jìn)程主動(dòng)調(diào)用schedule()請(qǐng)求進(jìn)行進(jìn)程調(diào)度。


  ----------------------------------------------

  ARM Linux 進(jìn)程調(diào)度:

  switch_mm中是進(jìn)行頁表的切換,即將下一個(gè)的pgd的開始物理地址放入CP15中的C2寄存器。進(jìn)程的pgd的虛擬地址存放在task_struct結(jié)構(gòu)中的pgd指針中,通過__virt_to_phys宏可以轉(zhuǎn)變成成物理地址。
  
  static inline void
  switch_mm(struct mm_struct *prev, struct mm_struct *next,
  struct task_struct *tsk, unsigned int cpu)
  {
  if (prev != next)
  cpu_switch_mm(next->pgd, tsk);
  }
  #define cpu_switch_mm(pgd,tsk) cpu_set_pgd(__virt_to_phys((unsigned long)(pgd)
 ?。?BR>  #define cpu_get_pgd() \
  ({ \
  unsigned long pg; \
  __asm__("mrc p15, 0, %0, c2, c0, 0" \
  : "=r" (pg)); \
  pg &= ~0x3fff; \
  (pgd_t *)phys_to_virt(pg); \
  })
  switch_to()完成進(jìn)程上下文的切換,通過調(diào)用匯編函數(shù)__switch_to完成,其實(shí)現(xiàn)比較簡單,也就是保存prev進(jìn)程的上下文信息,該上下文信息由context_save_struct結(jié)構(gòu)描述,包括主要的寄存器,然后將next的上下文信息讀出,信息保存在task_struct中的thread.save中TSS_SAVE標(biāo)識(shí)了thread.save在task_struct中的位置。
  /*
  * Register switch for ARMv3 and ARMv4 processors
  * r0 = previous, r1 = next, return previous.
  * previous and next are guaranteed not to be the same.
  */
  ENTRY(__switch_to)
  stmfd sp!, {r4 - sl, fp, lr}  Store most regs on
  stack
  mrs ip, cpsr
  str ip, [sp, #-4]!  Save cpsr_SVC
  str sp, [r0, #TSS_SAVE]  Save sp_SVC
  ldr sp, [r1, #TSS_SAVE]  Get saved sp_SVC
  ldr r2, [r1, #TSS_DOMAIN]
  *
  * Returns amount of memory which needs to be reserved.
  */
  long ed_init(long mem_start, int mem_end)
  {
  int i,
  ep;
  short tshort,
  version,
  length,
  s_ofs;
  if (register_blkdev(EPROM_MAJOR,"ed",&ed_fops)) {
  printk("EPROMDISK: Unable to get major %d.\n", EPROM_MAJOR);
  return 0;
  }
  blk_dev[EPROM_MAJOR].request_fn = DEVICE_REQUEST;
  for(i=0;i< 4) {
  printk("EPROMDISK: Length (%d) Too short.\n", length);
  return 0;
  }
  ed_length = length * 512;
  sector_map = ep 6;
  sector_offset = ep s_ofs;
  printk("EPROMDISK: Version %d installed, %d bytes\n", (int)version, ed_length);
  return 0;
  }
  int get_edisk(unsigned char *buf, int sect, int num_sect)
  {
  short ss, /* Sector start */
  tshort;
  int s; /* Sector offset */
  for(s=0;s0;) {
  sock = bp / EPROM_SIZE;
  page = (bp % EPROM_SIZE) / EPAGE_SIZE;
  offset = bp % EPAGE_SIZE;
  nb = (len offset)>EPAGE_SIZE?EPAGE_SIZE-(offset%EPAGE_SIZE):len;
  cr1 = socket[sock] | ((page 《 4) & 0x30) | 0x40; /* no board select for now */
  cr2 = (page 》 2) & 0x03;
  outb((char)cr1,CONTROL_REG1);
  outb((char)cr2,CONTROL_REG2);
  memcpy(buf bofs,(char *)(EPROM_WINDOW offset),nb);
  len -= nb;
  bp = nb;
  bofs = nb;
  }
  return 0;
  }
  med.c代碼如下:
  /* med.c - make eprom disk image from ramdisk image */
  #include
  #include
  #include
  #define DISK_SIZE (6291456)
  #define NUM_SECT (DISK_SIZE/512)
  void write_eprom_image(FILE *fi, FILE *fo);
  int main(int ac, char **av)
  {
  FILE *fi,
  *fo;
  char fin[44],
  fon[44];
  if (ac > 1) {
  strcpy(fin,av[1]);
  } else {
  strcpy(fin,"hda3.ram");
  }
  if (ac > 2) {
  strcpy(fon,av[2]);
  } else {
  strcpy(fon,"hda3.eprom");
  }
  fi = fopen(fin,"r");
  fo = fopen(fon,"w");
  if (fi == 0 || fo == 0) {
  printf("Can't open files\n");
  exit(0);
  }
  write_eprom_image(fi,fo);
  fclose(fi);
  fclose(fo);
  }
  void write_eprom_image(FILE *fi, FILE *fo)
  {
  char *ini;
  char *outi; /* In and out images */
  short *smap; /* Sector map */
  char *sp;
  char c = 0;
  struct {
  unsigned short version;
  unsigned short blocks;
  unsigned short sect_ofs;
  } hdr;
  int ns,
  s,
  i,
  fs;
  ini = (char *)malloc(DISK_SIZE); /* Max disk size is currently 6M */
  outi = (char *)malloc(DISK_SIZE); /* Max disk size is currently 6M */
  smap = (short *)malloc(NUM_SECT*sizeof(short));
  if (ini == NULL || outi == NULL || smap == NULL) {
  printf("Can't allocate memory :(\n");
  exit(0);
  }
  if (DISK_SIZE != fread(ini,1,DISK_SIZE,fi)) {
  printf("Can't read input file :(\n");
  exit(0);
  }
  memcpy(outi,ini,512); /* Copy in first sector */
  smap[0] = 0;
  ns = 1; /* Number of sectors in outi */



  
關(guān)鍵詞:ARM

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